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| author | Felix <felix@harpo.(none)> | 2008-05-15 18:15:57 +0000 |
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| committer | Felix <felix@harpo.(none)> | 2008-05-15 18:15:57 +0000 |
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diff --git a/adjectives.tex b/adjectives.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..83065db --- /dev/null +++ b/adjectives.tex @@ -0,0 +1,201 @@ +Adjectives are words or phrases that describe a noun. So in English we would have `a \emph{red} dog' or `a \emph{yellow} door'. There is no strict rule as to whether the adjective goes before or after the noun. + +\section{Proper} +\index{adjectives!proper} +Proper adjectives usually have an initial capital letter and are derived from proper nouns such as country names etc. + +\begin{examples} +\item +\gll Yunnan Laˇhuˍ +Yunnan Lahu +\glt `Lahu of Yunnan' +\glend + +\item +\gll Yanˇ chaw +Karen person +\glt `Karen people' +\glend +\end{examples} + +\section{Descriptive} +\index{adjectives!descriptive} +\begin{examples} +\item +\gll {chehˇ ha ve} {yaˇ ehˉ} +sick child +\glt `a sick child' +\glend + +\item +\gll {ni ma ha hanˉ ve} {yaˇ paˍ} +{brave hearted} boy +\glt `a brave boy' +\glend +\end{examples} + +\section{Quantatative} +\index{adjectives!quantative} +\label{sec:quantatative} +These adjectives are used for describing amounts that cannot generally be measured or counted. + +\begin{examples} +\item +\gll yawˇ awˬ caˇ maˇ ve +he rice eat much +\glt `he ate a lot' +\glend + +\item +\gll yawˇ {a ciˉ} tiˉ {caˆ ve} +he {a little} only eat +\glt `he only ate a little' +\glend + +\item +\gll yawˇ {te chiˉ} maˇ caˇ +he nothing not eat +\glt `he ate nothing' +\glend + +\item +\gll yawˇ caˇ {law ve} +he eat enough +\glt `he ate enough' +\glend + +\item +\gll yawˇ {hk'a peu-eˬ} {caˇ ve} +he all eat +\glt `he ate [it] all' +\glend +\end{examples} + +\section{Demonstrative} +\index{adjectives!demostrative} +These are used to indicate a particular object or noun or to distinguish one noun from another. + +\begin{examples} +\item +\gll nuˇ chi +cow this +\glt `this cow' +\glend + +\item +\gll i mvuhˇ oˇ ve +horse that +\glt `that horse' +\glend + +\item +\gll g'aˆ chi teˇ hpaˍ +chicken this plural +\glt `these chickens' +\glend + +\item +\gll a pehˬ oˇ ve teˇ hpaˍ +duck that plural +\glt `those ducks' +\glend + +\item +\label{ex:no} +\gll noˇ ve nuˇ teˇ hkeh +that cow plural +\glt `those cows over there' +\glend + +\item +\label{ex:mo} +\gll moˇ ve yehˬ +that house +\glt `that house over there' +\glend + +%\item +%\gll shoˇ hpawˇ +%\glend + +%\item +%\gll choˬ hpawˇ +%\glend +\end{examples} + +Notice that Lahu has a demonstrative for `this', `that' and `over there'. Example~\ref{ex:no} and \ref{ex:mo} both indicate `over there' or `yonder' with the words `noˇ' and `moˇ' respectively. The difference between them being that `noˇ' refers to things \emph{higher} and `moˇ' refers to things \emph{lower}.\footnote{This is due to the Lahu people mainly residing on hillsides where `up' and `down' are descriptions used very often} + +\section{Distributive} +\index{adjectives!distributive} +\label{sec:distributive} +Distributative adjectives are used to describe amounts that could be counted as apposed to some of the quantatative adjectives in section~\ref{sec:quantatative} which are unmeasureable. Most of these adjectives require classifiers which are described in chapter~\ref{sec:classifiers}. + +\subsection*{Every} +To denote `every' the phrase `teˇ \ldots le le' is wrapped around the classifier. + +\begin{examples} +\item +\gll teˇ g'aˇ {le le} +{teˇ} (clf) {le le} +\glt `all people' +\glend +\item +\gll teˇ kaˬ {le le} +{teˇ} (clf) {le le} +\glt `every place' +\glend +\item + \gll teˇ nyi {hkanˍ teˇ} nyi +teˇ (clf) {hkanˍ teˇ} (clf) + \glt `every other day' + \glend + \end{examples} + + \subsection*{Some} + To denote `some' the phrase `teˇ' and a repeated classifier is used. + + \begin{examples} + \item + \gll teˇ g'aˇ g'aˇ +{teˇ} (clf) (clf) + \glt `some people' + \glend + \end{examples} + + \subsection*{Only} + To denote `only' the word `tiˉ' is used after the classifier. + + \begin{examples} + \item + \gll teˇ g'aˇ tiˉ +{teˇ} (clf) {tiˉ} +\glt `only one person' +\glend +\item +\gll shehˆ nyi tiˉ +three (clf) only +\glt `only three days' +\glend +\end{examples} + +\section{Numeral} +\index{adjectives!numeral} +To describe a specific number of nouns in Lahu you need to use classifiers. These are discussed in more detail in chapter~\ref{sec:classifiers}. + +\begin{examples} +\item +\gll Chaw {shehˆ chi} g'aˇ {shaˍ g'a ve yoˬ} +man thirty (clf) hunt +\glt `Thirty men went hunting' +\glend +\end{examples} + +For a more indefinite or general amount the phrase `aˬ~laˬ' (about) or `aˬ~laˬ~hk'e' (nearly) can be added. + +\begin{examples} +\item +\gll Chaw {aˬ laˬ} {shehˆ chi} g'aˇ {shaˍ g'a ve yoˬ} +man about thirty (clf) hunt +\glt About thirty men went hunting +\glend +\end{examples} |
