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\begin{lahu-vocab}{Common Conjunctions}
\item[leh] and
\item[ya hk'aˇ] but
\item[k'o] if
\item[htaˇ] when
\item[htawˇ] even though
\item[pa taw] becuase
\item[ya hk'aˇ] but
\item[hk'e hta pa taw] therefore
\item[hk'e te leh] so
\item[awˬ tehˬ k'oˆ k'o] actually
\item[chi hta pa taw] becuase of that
\item[awˬ pon] on behalf of (for)
\end{lahu-vocab}
Conjuctions are words or phrases that join words or phrases in a sentence. Some examples are the words `but', `and' and `or'. Two types of conjuctions are common in Lahu. They are commonly called 'Coordinating' and 'Subordinate' conjuctions.
\section*{Coordinating Conjuctions}
These are conjuctions that join two phrases in a sentence that equal in importance or are not dependent on each other. Examples of coordinating conjunctions are `and', `or' and `but'.
\begin{examples}
\item
\gll {Hk'e te leh} {ngaˬ hui} {nyi ma luˬ ve yoˬ}
so we sad
\glt `So, we were sad'
\glend
\item
\gll {Ya hk'aˇ} yawˇ maˇ k'ai sheˍ
but he not go yet
\glt `But he hasn't gone yet'
\glend
\end{examples}
\section*{Subordinate Conjunctions}
A subordinate conjuction joins two clauses (or phrases), one being subordinate or dependent on the other. These conjuctions can be a little more difficult to get right. The order of a sentence in Lahu is different to the same sentence in English when using subordinate cunjunctions. The following examples show subordinate conjuction use in English.
\begin{examples}
\item
\gll `If {has has money} {he will go}'
(conjuction) {(subordinate clause)} {(main clause)}
\gln\glend
\item
\gll `{He will go} if {he has money}'
{(main clause)} (conjuction) {(subordinate clause)}
\gln\glend
\end{examples}
In the above examples, the sentence can be structured in two different orders. In Lahu, however, the subordinate clause must always precede the main clause.
\begin{examples}
\item\label{ex:subord-conj}
\glll {Yawˇ hpu hta cawˬ ve} k'o, {k'ai tuˬ yoˬ}
{he money have} if {go will}
{(subordinate clause)} (conjuction) {(main clause)}
\glt `If he has money, he will go'
\glend
\end{examples}
One technique to get the sentence in the correct order is to start with the conjunction when saying the sentence in English. The resulting two clauses of the sentence are then in the correct order. So instead of thinking like this:
\sentence{He will go if he has money}
think in this order:
\sentence{If he has money, he will go}
The meanings are the same in English but you now have the clauses in the correct order for Lahu. All that is needed, then, is to place the conjuction (in this case `if') between the two clauses. See example~\ref{ex:subord-conj}.
Examples of subordinate conjunctions are `if', `for', `even though' and `because'.
Here are some more examples:
\begin{examples}
\item\label{ex:conj-first}
\gll Ngaˬ {bvuh ve} k'o, nawˬ {g'aw ve yoˬ}
I write if you read
\glt `If I write, you read'
\glt `You read if I write'
\glend
\item
\gll Nawˬ yaw htaˇ\ldots
you spoke when
\glt `When you spoke\ldots'
\glend
\item
\gll Nawˬ {yaw ve} htawˇ, ngaˬ maˇ kaˇ
you speak {even though} I not hear
\glt `Even though you speak, I don't hear [you]'
\glend
\item
\gll Yawˇ {ngaˬ hui} hta {maˍ laˇ ve} {pa taw}, {ngaˬ hui} {ha lehˬ ve yoˬ}
[he] us (par) teach because we happy
\glt `We're happy because [he] taught us'
\glend
\item
\gll {Ya hk'aˇ} yawˇ maˇ k'ai sheˍ
but [he] not go yet
\glt `But [he] hasn't gone yet'
\glend
\item
\gll {Hk'e hta pa taaw} ngaˬ caˇ maˇ g'a
therefore I each not can
\glt `Therefore I cannot eat'
\glend
\item
\gll {Hk'e te leh} {ngaˬ hui} {nyi ma luˬ ve yoˬ}
so we sad
\glt `So we are depressed'
\glend
\item
\gll {Awˬ tehˬ k'oˆ k'o} yawˇ maˇ {na yuˬ}
actually [he] not listen
\glt `Actually, [he] did not listen'
\glend
\item
\gll {Chi hta pa taw} {iˉ mvuhˇ} nyiˇ hkeh {oˇ ve} suh {peuˬ ve yoˬ}
{because of that} horse two (clf) those die complete
\glt `Because of that those two horses died'
\glend
\item\label{ex:in-order-to}
\gll Te tuˬ, yawˇ {awˬ chawˇ} shehˆ g'aˇ hta g'a {ca ve yoˬ}
do {in order to} [he] friend three (clf) (par) must find
\glt `In order to do it, [he] must find three friends'
\glend
\item\label{ex:conj-last}
\gll Yawˇ {awˬ pon} te sheˍ
[he] {on behalf of} do (par)
\glt `Do it for [him]'
\glend
\end{examples}
Notice in example~\ref{ex:in-order-to} that the word `tuˬ' is the same word used for future tense (see \ref{sec:future}). For the conjuction `in order to' it is used in the middle of a sentence.
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